I have a couple image filter examples using OpenGL ES 3.0 and compute shaders (OpenGL ES 3.1) for Android:
You’ll want to check out GPUImage for iOS for a repository of OpenGL ES 2.0 image operations.
All the shader code is just sitting there to do practically everything Photoshop does. In my efforts I took a good chunk of that shader code converted it to OpenGL ES 3.0+ along with improving it and am doing some fun stuff with photos / videos.
I don’t really recommend Renderscript since it’s Android only and Google has turned it’s back on open standards like OpenCL which is far superior for GPGPU; though now we have compute shaders with OpenGL ES 3.1. You can accomplish everything Renderscript can do and more with OpenGL ES 3.1.
Image processing is directly related to GLSL fragment shaders, so no need for actual GPGPU techniques; just straight up standard OpenGL GLSL.
There are “script intrinsics” though with Renderscript for a handful of image operations. It’s useful if you want to integrate basic image processing with the Android 2D API / blur a Bitmap and are too lazy to learn OpenGL 3.0+. I still recommend it because once you learn OpenGL it works across platforms.