Given your direction vector is normalized, and you store FOV as cos/sin, you can pretty quickly determine if a circle is within your view (either partially or entirely).
This works by creating vectors that extend from the origin to the sides of their view port - rotating them by the view’s direction. Using these vectors it can rotate the vector between the circle’s center and the object down to the x-axis. Once you do this, the y-component of that vector is the signed distance of the circle to that extent.
This also works where FOV >= 90 (and by FOV, I’m talking half of your actual field of view, in radians).
This is some code from a library I’m working on called Steerio.
If someone can figure out a more efficient method, I challenge thee!
Peace!